Concierge Business Model: A Comprehensive Review

Editorial Team

Concierge Business Model

A luxury concierge service provides a convenient and personalized way for customers to access high-quality services. It offers an opportunity for businesses to differentiate themselves and increase customer satisfaction. Before launching a luxury concierge service, it is important to have a well-thought-out business plan in place. This plan should include the goals, strategies, and resources needed for success. A business plan is recommended for gaining knowledge of the market, understanding client preferences, finding competitive advantages, and evaluating risks. The business plan should be structured into sections, including Market Opportunity, Project Presentation, Market Research, Strategy, and Finances.

Key Takeaways:

  • A luxury concierge service provides personalized and convenient access to high-quality services.
  • A well-structured business plan is crucial for the success of a luxury concierge service.
  • A business plan helps gain knowledge of the market, understand client preferences, and identify competitive advantages.
  • The business plan should include sections such as Market Opportunity, Project Presentation, Market Research, Strategy, and Finances.
  • Conducting thorough market research and evaluating financial projections are essential in developing a successful business plan.

Crafting a Business Plan for a Luxury Concierge Service

When starting a luxury concierge service, it is crucial to have a solid and thorough business plan in place. A business plan serves as a roadmap for your venture, outlining your goals, strategies, and financial projections. It helps you understand the market, identify target customers, and position your business effectively.

The personal concierge industry in the United States is estimated to be worth around $1.3 billion, with an annual growth rate of approximately 4%. To stay competitive in this growing industry, it is essential to have a well-crafted business plan that sets you apart from the competition.

One of the key sections of a business plan for a luxury concierge service is the market analysis. This section provides insights into industry trends, customer demographics, and the competitive landscape. It helps you understand the growing importance of digital platforms and technology in delivering personalized services to clients efficiently.

Market Analysis

In your market analysis, it is important to identify the target market for your luxury concierge service. This typically includes working professionals, young families, retirees, business owners, executives, vacation homeowners, seasonal residents, and elderly individuals. Understanding their demographics and psychographics is crucial for tailoring your services to meet their specific needs and preferences.

In addition, conducting competitor analysis is vital to gaining insights into the competitive landscape and positioning of your luxury concierge service. Identify your competitors, evaluate their strengths and weaknesses, and determine how you can differentiate your business to provide a unique value proposition to your target customers.

Market Opportunities Project Presentation Market Research Strategy Finances
Identify emerging trends and services Describe your luxury concierge service Gather data on target customers Outline your marketing and operational strategies Project your revenue, expenses, and projections
Explore niche markets and specialization Present your team and expertise Analyze market trends and competition Detail your pricing and service offerings Estimate your startup and operating costs
Identify potential partnerships and collaborations Showcase your brand and unique selling points Understand customer needs and expectations Develop a growth strategy and milestones Forecast your financial performance

A well-structured and comprehensive business plan is vital for the success of your luxury concierge service. It provides a roadmap for your business, helps attract investors and partners, and enables you to make informed decisions based on market data and insights. Crafting a thorough business plan is the foundation for building a successful luxury concierge service that stands out in the industry.

Why a Business Plan is Important for a Luxury Concierge Service

When establishing a luxury concierge service, having a well-crafted business plan is paramount to success. A business plan serves as a roadmap that outlines your goals, strategies, and financial projections. It provides a comprehensive overview of your business, helping you make informed decisions and navigate the competitive landscape of the luxury concierge industry.

The global luxury concierge market is valued at several billion dollars, and the United States alone has over 5 million high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs), creating a substantial client base. As the industry experiences growth aligned with the increasing wealth of HNWIs, it is crucial to have a clear plan that sets your luxury concierge service apart from the competition.

A well-structured business plan offers various benefits for a luxury concierge service. Firstly, it helps in identifying your target market and understanding their needs and preferences. By conducting market research and analysis, you can gain valuable insights that will enable you to tailor your services and experiences to meet the expectations of your clientele.

Additionally, a business plan allows you to define your unique value proposition, highlighting what sets your luxury concierge service apart from others. Whether it’s offering highly personalized and exclusive experiences or partnering with select service providers, a well-defined value proposition helps in positioning your brand and attracting clients.

Furthermore, a business plan aids in establishing the operational structure of your luxury concierge service. It outlines the organizational hierarchy, roles and responsibilities, and operational processes, ensuring efficiency and smooth operations. By building strategic partnerships with relevant businesses, you can enhance your service portfolio and offer a wide range of premium services.

One of the key sections of a business plan is the financial projections. It enables you to assess the financial viability of your luxury concierge service and determine the funding required. With a clear financial strategy, you can project revenue streams from membership fees, service fees, and commissions from partner service providers. Additionally, a well-structured financial plan increases your chances of securing a loan to support your business’s growth and development.

In conclusion, crafting a business plan is vital for a luxury concierge service looking to achieve financial success and competitive differentiation. By incorporating market research, defining a unique value proposition, establishing operational structures, and projecting financials, you can position your luxury concierge service for growth in an industry that values personalized experiences and elevated service. Be sure to prioritize a comprehensive and well-constructed business plan to realize your vision and capitalize on the opportunities in the luxury concierge market.

How to Structure a Business Plan for a Luxury Concierge Service

When developing a business plan for a luxury concierge service, it is crucial to consider the specific structure that will effectively communicate your vision and strategy. A well-structured business plan not only serves as a roadmap for your business but also provides critical information to potential investors and stakeholders.

Here is a recommended structure for a business plan for a luxury concierge service:

1. Executive Summary

The executive summary provides an overview of your business, highlighting key points such as the market opportunity, unique selling propositions, and financial projections. It should be concise but impactful, capturing the attention of the reader and enticing them to continue reading.

2. Company Description

In this section, provide detailed information about your luxury concierge service. Describe your mission and vision, clarify your target market, and explain how your services will cater to their needs. Highlight the competitive advantages and milestones of your company, such as industry ratings, team expertise, and unique service offerings.

3. Market Analysis

Conduct thorough market research to understand the luxury concierge services industry. Include market size, growth potential, and key market trends. Identify your target market segments, such as high net-worth individuals, busy professionals, or travelers, and explore their needs and preferences. Perform a competitor analysis to identify strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for differentiation.

4. Service Offerings

Outline the range of services you will provide as a luxury concierge service. Discuss travel assistance, ticket reservations, personal errands, event planning, home services, and any other specialized services that set you apart. Explain how these services will meet and exceed the expectations of your target market.

5. Marketing and Sales Strategies

Define your marketing and sales strategies tailored to the luxury concierge service sector. Identify your unique selling propositions (USPs) that differentiate you from competitors. Develop pricing strategies, including revenue models and packages, to ensure profitability. Specify your marketing tactics, such as social media, email marketing, and content marketing, to effectively reach and engage your target audience. Detail sales strategies and customer retention strategies to foster long-term relationships.

6. Operational Plan

In this section, discuss the operational aspects of your luxury concierge service. Describe the management team and their experience in the industry. Define the organizational structure, roles, and responsibilities. Cover the operational processes, such as service delivery, quality control, and customer support. Address any sector-specific regulations and licensing requirements that may impact your operations, including data privacy and security.

7. Financial Projections

Provide detailed financial projections for your luxury concierge service. Include income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements for the next three to five years. Set realistic financial goals and milestones to measure business success. Discuss any financial requirements, such as debt financing, to launch and sustain your business.

With a well-structured business plan for your luxury concierge service, you can confidently present your vision, strategy, and financial projections to potential investors and stakeholders. Remember to continuously refine and update your business plan as your business evolves and adapts to market changes.

How to Write the Executive Summary for a Luxury Concierge Service

# How to Write the Executive Summary for a Luxury Concierge Service

The Executive Summary is a crucial component of the business plan for a luxury concierge service. It serves as an introduction to the entire plan, providing a concise overview of the company and its offerings. In this section, we will explore the key elements that should be included in an effective Executive Summary.

## Executive Summary Overview

The Executive Summary should begin with a brief introduction to the luxury concierge service, highlighting its unique value proposition and target audience. It should provide a clear overview of the business and its goals. For example, “ABC Luxury Concierge Service aims to provide unparalleled personalized assistance and exclusive experiences to discerning individuals and businesses.”

## Target Audience and Services Provided

Next, it is important to clearly define the target audience and outline the range of services provided by the luxury concierge service. This will help potential investors and stakeholders understand the market potential and the company’s competitive advantage. For instance, “Our target audience includes affluent individuals, large corporations, and medium-size companies seeking bespoke concierge services. Our comprehensive offerings range from purchasing theater tickets and picking up dry cleaning to event planning and car repairs.”

## Market Opportunity and Competition

Including information about the market opportunity and the competitive landscape is essential for demonstrating the viability of the luxury concierge service. Highlight the projected growth rate for the market, as well as any untapped segments or geographic regions of focus. Additionally, briefly outline the main competitors in the industry and explain how the luxury concierge service differentiates itself. A statistical representation of the market growth forecast and the projected sales goal can be presented in tabular form like this:

Projected Growth Rate Projected Sales by Year 3
Over 100% per year $156,000

*Table: Projected growth rate and sales for ABC Luxury Concierge Service*

## Budget and Funding

The Executive Summary should also provide an overview of the budget and funding requirements for the luxury concierge service. Summarize the start-up costs, total funding required, and any investments made by the owner-operator. This will give readers a clear understanding of the financial aspects of the business. For instance, “Start-up costs for ABC Luxury Concierge Service amount to $3,745, with a total funding requirement of $7,500. The owner-operator will invest $7,500 in the business.”

## Conclusion

In conclusion, the Executive Summary of a luxury concierge service business plan should provide a concise and compelling overview of the business. Use the SEO keywords seamlessly throughout the text to enhance its search engine optimization. By clearly defining the target audience, outlining the services provided, highlighting the market opportunity, and demonstrating the financial aspects, the Executive Summary sets the stage for a comprehensive and persuasive business plan.

How to Conduct Market Analysis for a Luxury Concierge Service

When establishing a luxury concierge service, conducting a thorough market analysis is crucial to understand and navigate the competitive landscape, identify customer preferences, and stay ahead of emerging trends. Market analysis provides valuable insights that can inform business strategies, optimize service offerings, and drive success in the luxury concierge industry.

Understanding Customer Preferences

Market research plays a key role in identifying customer segments and their preferences. By analyzing demographic data and consumer behavior, luxury concierge services can tailor their offerings to meet the unique needs of affluent travelers, business executives, celebrities, and luxury vacationers. This includes curating personalized travel experiences, booking management, and 24/7 client support.

Assessing Competition

Market analysis also involves evaluating the competition within the luxury concierge industry. This includes researching other service providers, identifying their strengths and weaknesses, and understanding their value propositions. By gaining insights into the strategies and offerings of competitors, luxury concierge services can differentiate themselves and develop a competitive edge.

Monitoring Emerging Trends

Keeping abreast of emerging trends is crucial for a luxury concierge service to stay relevant and meet evolving customer expectations. Market analysis helps identify emerging trends in the luxury travel and lifestyle management industry. By understanding these trends, luxury concierge services can adapt their offerings and incorporate new services that cater to the changing demands of their clientele.

Utilizing Data and Statistics

Statistical data on customer segments, partnership distribution, revenue streams, cost structures, and key activities play a vital role in optimizing the business model for a luxury concierge service. By gathering and analyzing data, service providers can refine their strategies, identify growth opportunities, and improve overall performance.

Market analysis is an ongoing process that should be conducted regularly to ensure a luxury concierge service remains competitive and aligned with customer expectations. By staying attuned to market trends, understanding customer preferences, and analyzing the competition, luxury concierge services can position themselves as industry leaders and provide exceptional experiences to their esteemed clientele.

The Business Model of a Luxury Concierge Service

Concierge services have undergone a significant transformation in recent years. While they were traditionally associated with luxury hotels, small business owners now offer these services to time-poor consumers with disposable income. This shift has led to the emergence of the Luxury Concierge Service business model, which emphasizes personalization, time savings, a wide range of services, and a client-centric approach.

One of the key elements of the Luxury Concierge Service business model is the provision of high-quality, personalized services. By tailoring each interaction to the unique preferences and needs of their clients, luxury concierge service providers can deliver an exceptional level of service that sets them apart from their competitors.

Revenue generation is another crucial aspect of the business model. Luxury concierge services employ multiple revenue streams, such as membership fees, service fees, and commissions from partnering high-quality service providers. This diversification allows them to maximize their income potential and sustain long-term growth.

One of the primary benefits of the Luxury Concierge Service business model is its focus on building strong client relationships. By consistently delivering high-quality personalized services, luxury concierge service providers can foster client satisfaction and loyalty. This translates into repeat business and positive word-of-mouth, which further enhances their reputation and market differentiation.

However, the Luxury Concierge Service business model is not without its challenges. Due to the resource-intensive nature of providing personalized services, scalability can be limited. Additionally, client dependence, market competition, and privacy concerns need to be carefully managed to ensure the long-term success of the business.

Application in Various Industries

The Luxury Concierge Service business model finds application in a wide range of industries, including luxury hospitality, corporate services, healthcare, real estate, and personal assistance. Under this model, services provided can encompass grocery shopping, laundry, travel arrangements, home organization, errands, restaurant reservations, event planning, gift purchasing, interior design, and lifestyle consulting.

Successful Examples and Trends

The effectiveness of the Luxury Concierge Service business model is evident in the success of various startups. Companies like Airbnb, Zappos, MealPal, TaskRabbit, Instacart, and Hello Alfred have utilized this model to validate their ideas and build a loyal customer base.

The growing popularity of personalized services and the positive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on concierge services highlight the potential for revenue growth in this industry. As consumers increasingly rely on concierge services for tasks like grocery shopping and food delivery, luxury concierge service providers have the opportunity to upsell and influence purchasing decisions.

Moreover, as delighted customers share their standout concierge experiences on social media, positive word-of-mouth can significantly boost brand exposure and attract new clients.

Overall, the Luxury Concierge Service business model offers a pathway to success in the fast-growing concierge services industry. By emphasizing personalization, revenue generation, and client relationships, luxury concierge service providers can differentiate themselves, create long-term value, and thrive in an increasingly competitive market.

Differentiating Business Model and Business Plan

When it comes to planning and strategizing for a luxury concierge service, it is crucial to understand the distinction between a business model and a business plan. Although these terms are often used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings and purposes.

Business Model: The business model of a luxury concierge service outlines how the company creates value and generates revenue. It defines the core principles and strategies that drive the organization’s operations and success. A business model encompasses aspects such as target market, value proposition, revenue streams, and key partnerships. It provides a high-level overview of how the business will operate and deliver value to its customers.

Business Plan: A business plan, on the other hand, is a detailed roadmap that outlines the specific actions and steps required to implement the business model effectively. It includes a comprehensive analysis of the market, competitive landscape, operational structure, financial projections, and marketing strategies. A business plan serves as a blueprint for the management team, investors, and other stakeholders, providing a clear roadmap for achieving the desired goals and objectives.

In the context of a luxury concierge service, the business plan should incorporate the completed Business Model Canvas, which is a strategic tool used to visually represent the different elements of the business model. The canvas includes nine key building blocks: customer segments, value propositions, channels, customer relationships, revenue streams, key resources, key activities, key partnerships, and cost structure. By completing each section of the Business Model Canvas, the business plan becomes more comprehensive and effective in guiding the execution of the business model.

By differentiating between the business model and the business plan, luxury concierge service providers can develop a solid foundation for their operations and effectively communicate their value proposition to stakeholders, investors, and customers.

Business Model Business Plan
Describes how the company generates income and operates successfully Outlines specific actions and steps required to implement the business model
Encompasses elements such as target market, value proposition, revenue streams, and key partnerships Includes a comprehensive analysis of the market, competitive landscape, operational structure, financial projections, and marketing strategies
Provides a high-level overview of how the business will operate and deliver value Serves as a detailed roadmap for achieving the desired goals and objectives
Includes the completed Business Model Canvas

Identifying Market Segments for a Luxury Concierge Service

Market segmentation is a critical practice for luxury concierge services to effectively customize their offerings and target specific audiences. By dividing potential customers into distinct groups based on their common characteristics and preferences, concierge services can deliver personalized assistance and exclusive experiences that cater to each segment’s unique needs.

When identifying market segments for a luxury concierge service, it is essential to consider the diverse desires and preferences of different client segments. These segments may vary in their preferences, ranging from exclusive event access to personalized travel itineraries or dedicated personal assistance. Understanding the specific desires of each segment enables concierge services to tailor their offerings and provide exceptional experiences that resonate with their target audiences.

One of the primary advantages of customer segmentation is its potential to enhance client acquisition and optimize marketing funds allocation. Precise marketing strategies, informed by an understanding of different client segments, can result in better targeting, increased conversion rates, and improved ROI. By focusing on the specific needs and desires of each segment, luxury concierge services can effectively attract and engage their target audiences.

In addition to client acquisition, market segmentation also plays a crucial role in boosting client satisfaction and fostering loyalty. Customizing service offerings to align with the specific needs of different client segments shows that the concierge service listens and understands the preferences of its clients. By delivering personalized assistance and exclusive experiences, luxury concierge services can enhance client satisfaction, leading to long-term loyalty and advocacy.

Understanding the benefits of customer segmentation goes beyond client satisfaction and loyalty. This practice also informs service refinement, strategic partnerships with other luxury brands, and overall positioning in the concierge business landscape. By analyzing the characteristics and preferences of different client segments, luxury concierge services can refine their offerings, develop exclusive partnerships that align with their target audiences’ desires, and establish a unique position in the competitive market.

Crafting client segments right from the outset provides luxury concierge services with a competitive advantage in the market. By identifying and understanding target audiences, concierge services can curate experiences and services that cater specifically to their clients’ needs. This focused approach helps in cultivating a devoted client base and differentiating the service from competitors in the luxury market.

It is important to note that customer segmentation is a dynamic process that should be consistently reviewed and refined to align with evolving market trends and client preferences. As the market and consumer behaviors change, luxury concierge services need to adapt their segmentation strategies accordingly to remain relevant and provide experiences that resonate with their target audiences.

As data constantly changes with each interaction between prospects and businesses, concierge services can leverage analytics to identify the point of diminishing returns for targeted campaigns. By analyzing data and measuring campaign performance, luxury concierge services can optimize their marketing efforts, increase their return on investment, and allocate their marketing funds more effectively.

Approaching individuals with wealth, affinity, and a specific lifestyle is crucial for luxury concierge services aiming to engage with the luxury market. By targeting high-potential prospects who align with the brand’s values and offerings, concierge services can not only attract valuable customers but also turn them into brand ambassadors who promote the service among their networks.

Statistic Insight
40% of brands don’t target any specific customer or prospect segments. Many brands in the luxury concierge service market fail to implement effective market segmentation strategies, missing out on the benefits of customization and precise targeting.
28% of marketers don’t know which high-value customers they should focus their efforts on. A significant portion of marketers lack clarity on identifying and prioritizing high-value customers, resulting in suboptimal marketing strategies and potential missed opportunities.
Data is constantly changing, with consumer data fluctuating every time a prospect interacts with a website, salesperson, or business. The dynamic nature of consumer data highlights the need for continuous monitoring and refinement of market segmentation strategies to ensure they remain relevant and effective.
Using analytics can help identify the point of diminishing returns for targeted campaigns, increasing return on investment. Analyzing campaign performance through analytics enables luxury concierge services to optimize their marketing efforts and allocate resources efficiently, maximizing their ROI.

Conducting Competitor Analysis for a Luxury Concierge Service

When operating a luxury concierge service, conducting a thorough competitor analysis is vital to gain a competitive advantage and identify differentiation opportunities. By understanding the strategies and offerings of existing players in the market, luxury concierge service providers can refine their own service offerings and stand out from the competition.

Competitor analysis allows entrepreneurs to identify niche opportunities and potential threats in the service models of their competitors. This analysis helps businesses understand the competitive landscape and provides valuable insights for setting attractive pricing structures and service tiers in the luxury concierge market.

Whether launching a new luxury concierge service or seeking continuous improvement for an existing one, conducting a competitor study is crucial to navigate the competitive environment effectively. By following a structured approach, companies can identify competitors, analyze their offerings and marketing strategies, and leverage their findings to refine services.

A comprehensive competitor analysis for a luxury concierge service covers various aspects, including:

  • Market position
  • Service portfolio
  • Pricing structure
  • Client demographics
  • Marketing strategies

These elements play a crucial role in understanding the strengths and weaknesses of competitors, enabling luxury concierge service providers to formulate effective strategies for differentiation.

In competition studies for luxury concierge services, it is important to consider competitive factors such as:

  • Service portfolio: Range and variety of services offered
  • Clientele: Target market and customer segments
  • Accessibility: Availability and convenience of services
  • Personalization: Tailoring services to individual client needs
  • Brand partnerships: Collaborations with luxury brands for enhanced offerings
  • Unique selling propositions: Identifying and leveraging unique service features

By analyzing these factors, luxury concierge service providers can gain insights into their competitors’ strategies and differentiate themselves in the market.

According to market data, the global concierge services market is projected to grow from USD 572.06 million in 2022 to USD 911.47 million by 2031, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.07%. This growth is driven by factors such as the integration of advanced technologies and automation, which streamline processes and enhance customer experiences.

To position a luxury concierge service advantageously, businesses must conduct a competitive analysis. By identifying direct and indirect competitors, evaluating their strengths and weaknesses, and aligning their services and marketing strategies, luxury concierge service providers can effectively meet the demands of their target market and provide exceptional personalized attention.

Implementing sales tactics such as referral programs, partnerships with luxury hotels, and collaborations can further drive customer acquisition and retention for luxury concierge service businesses, ensuring sustained growth in the competitive market.

Market Size (2022) Projected Growth Rate (2022-2031) Projected Market Size (2031)
USD 572.06 million 8.07% USD 911.47 million

Conclusion

In conclusion, a comprehensive business plan is essential for the success of a luxury concierge service. By conducting thorough market analysis and developing a well-defined business model, a luxury concierge service can identify its target audience and differentiate itself from competitors. The business plan should also outline strategies for building trust and credibility through open communication, transparent practices, and strategic partnerships.

Additionally, financial projections and a sustainable action plan are crucial for long-term growth and profitability. Whether utilizing personal savings, securing small business loans, seeking investment from angel investors or venture capital firms, or raising capital through crowdfunding, careful financial planning is vital for the success of a luxury concierge service.

By understanding the market, establishing a strong business model, and implementing effective strategies, a luxury concierge service can position itself for success in the growing concierge industry. With an average growth rate of 5% annually and an estimated worth expected to reach $10 billion by 2025, the potential for success is significant.

FAQ

What is the importance of a business plan for a luxury concierge service?

A business plan is essential for a luxury concierge service to ensure profitability and success. It provides clarity on the goals and strategies of the venture and helps in gaining knowledge of the market.

How should a business plan for a luxury concierge service be structured?

A well-crafted business plan should include sections such as Market Opportunity, Project Presentation, Market Research, Strategy, and Finances. Each section should be carefully organized and provide comprehensive information about the luxury concierge service.

What should be included in the executive summary of a business plan for a luxury concierge service?

The executive summary should provide an introduction to the business plan, highlighting the services provided by the service, the target audience, the presence of other concierge services in the market, and the budget. It should be concise, limited to 2 pages, and include only vital information to make the reader enthusiastic about the business plan.

How can market analysis benefit a luxury concierge service?

Conducting market research helps in optimizing pricing strategies, executing targeted marketing campaigns, and ultimately leading to a loyal client base and increased bookings. The market analysis should include recent data and statistics about luxury concierge services, potential audiences, competitor study, competitive advantages, and a SWOT analysis.

What is the business model of a luxury concierge service?

The business model of a luxury concierge service revolves around providing personalized and exclusive services to affluent individuals or businesses. Revenue is generated through membership fees, service fees, or commissions from partner service providers.

What is the difference between a business model and a business plan for a luxury concierge service?

A business model describes how a company generates income and operates successfully. A business plan includes the depiction of the business model using the Business Model Canvas tool.

How can market segmentation benefit a luxury concierge service?

Market segmentation helps in targeting marketing efforts effectively, understanding customer preferences, and providing exceptional experiences. It involves dividing potential customers into different groups based on their lifestyle, preferences, and needs for personalized assistance.

Why is competitor analysis important for a luxury concierge service?

Competitor analysis helps in identifying existing players in the industry, opportunities for differentiation, and crafting strategies to stand out in the market. It is important to study other concierge companies servicing individuals and focus on companies providing services at lower rates for competitive advantage.

What is the significance of crafting a comprehensive business plan for a luxury concierge service?

A comprehensive business plan is crucial for the success of a luxury concierge service. It should include detailed market analysis, a well-defined business model, and strategies to differentiate from competitors. It should outline financial projections, target audiences, and a sustainable action plan.